Vitamin A

Introduction Vitamin A is the name of a group of fat-soluble retinoids, including retinol, retinal, and retinyl esters [1-3]. Vitamin A is involved in immune function, vision, reproduction, a...

Magnesium

Introduction Magnesium, an abundant mineral in the body, is naturally present in many foods, added to other food products, available as a dietary supplement, and present in some medicines (su...

Calcium in biology

Calcium ions (Ca2+) contribute to the physiology and biochemistry of organisms cell. They play an important role in signal transduction pathways,【1】【2】 where they act as a second messenger, in neur...

Iron Deficiency-Worldwide Problem

Iron deficiency, or sideropenia, is the state in which a body lacks enough iron to supply its needs. Iron is present in all cells in the human body and has several vital functions, such as carrying...